How a Good Team Functions - 7 Ways to Boost Your Collective Efficacy

by Nina Post

What's collective efficacy? It's a trust among team members who want to achieve common goals.

Here are 7 tips for increasing the collective efficacy of your team:

1. Follow a set of core values. Teams fall apart because of personality conflict, discipline problems, lack of cohesion, and poor motivation. I'm not talking about the core values of your team or company as they relate to the customer, but how your values relate to and resonate with the team. Values are in actions and behavior.

Aside from "don't hire assholes," when you become aware of any of those conflicts, tackle it aggressively from the beginning (in a good way), because once it gets to be a pattern, it's really hard to get people to change their behavior. A bad sign in a team is when people, whether managers or co-workers, aren't responsive to one another's requests.

2. Instill and encourage a culture in which people show one another appreciation, acknowledgment, and respect as individuals and professionals. Promote an environment where people communicate regularly and are responsive to one another.  

There's a basic social contract among co-workers, and if people start ignoring that - not responding, not communicating - it can go downhill fast. I can almost guarantee you that if this is a problem, you won't achieve as much as you otherwise could. It's like an anvil on the motivation and efficacy of your team.

3. Use techniques of transformational leaders to create high levels of self-determined motivation in team members. Give them opportunities for higher skill and challenge.

4. Use techniques of transactional leaders by setting clear expectations and goals, or making sure those are set for the team. This goes back to core values, too.

5. Have your team spend more time together so they can build Transactive Memory Systems, or “shared systems for encoding, storing, and retrieving information.” If your team works remotely, it's good for them to get together when they can, even if it's just once a year. If you're in the same city, it's good to have everyone meet once a week to build that interpersonal dynamic (and TMS) that you don't necessarily get otherwise.

With a Differentiated TMS, people hold different (though possibly complementary) knowledge, whereas with an integrated TMS, people hold similar knowledge. For better collaboration and helping, you want an Integrated TMS.

6. Make your team more of a distributed cognitive system ("The Borg don't ingest food. Their implants can synthesize any organic molecules their biological tissues require. What they need is energy.")

To do this, take an extended cognition perspective and use a variety of visual representations.

External cognition posits that the brain relies on the external environment, especially for complex tasks. (I'm a huge proponent of taking notes by hand - I think it allows for much better retention and recall of information - and this is one example of external cognition.)

Boundary objects as visualization tools act as a bridge to communication and collaboration. These can be concept maps, charts, prototypes, project management tools, etc. Using these tools increases the sharing of information among people in the team and supports problem solving.

7. Use the Resonance Performance Model (RPM), a tool that covers the following four components: (a) The Way You Want to Feel, (b) Preparation, (c) Obstacles, and (d) Revisit The Way You Want to Feel.

If the team is procrastinating (or you are), try boosting your self-regulation with a pre-planned strategy and self-talk.

Pay attention to your internal responses as a part of self-regulation—it gives you a greater sense of control over how you perceive and handle obstacles. Plan a reference point of a desired way to feel when working with your team, and a way you don’t want to feel (when responding to obstacles).

I hope your team isn't dysfunctional, and instead, that it functions more like the Chicago Bulls from 1991-1993.

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Sources:

Determinants of Prosocial Behavior in Included Versus Excluded Contexts
Personality and Social Psychology

An Investigation Into the Coaching Approach of a Successful World Class Soccer Coach: Anson Dorrance
International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching

Taking positive psychology beyond the individual
Positive Psychology: Harnessing the Power of Happiness, Mindfulness, and Personal Strength

Technology as Teammate: Examining the Role of External Cognition in Support of Team Cognitive Processes

A view from the inside: an in-depth look at a female university student's experience with a feel-based intervention to enhance self-confidence and self-talk
The Qualitative Report

With a little help from your friend
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships

How to Use Social Comparison to Your Advantage

by Nina Post

According to the Social Psychological and Personality Science journal, “social comparisons occur automatically and unconsciously” and “appear to be unavoidable.”

I wasn't too surprised, either.

The psychologist who first wrote about social comparison theory in 1954 believed that comparing ourselves to others was a drivealmost as powerful as thirst or hunger.

(Or for human blood!)

Sure, you can indulge in some downward social comparisons, which can be helpful, though we don’t like to admit it. Or you can minimize or remove some of the triggers—social media, podcasts, etc. But there are ways we can use social comparison to our advantage, just like we can use our anxiety for energy.  

Here are 3 ways to use social comparison for self-improvement:

• Think of your achievements or strengths in a part of your life that’s not directly connected to the comparison source.  According to the theory of self-affirmation, you can restore your overall feeling of self-worth by affirming positive aspects of yourself in other domains.
   
• Ask yourself the following questions: Is this something you actually want? Does it fall within your definition of meaningful success? Is it actually within your control to achieve something similar? Are there any habits in your life you should change to achieve a similar goal, and do you have a plan for achieving similar goals? Is there a small action you can take right now? And what can you reduce or eliminate from your schedule to streamline your life?
   
• Practice mindfulness. Accept the present moment and the feelings caused by social comparison without any judgment.

Try to get in the habit of responding to social comparison triggers with those tactics, and see if it doesn’t affect you less over time—and allow you use it to your benefit.

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Sources

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Compensating for Failure Through Social Comparison
Wood, Giordano-Beech, Ducharme. University of Waterloo

Worrying about what others think: A social-comparison concern intervention in small learning groups
Active Learning in Higher Education

Social Comparison: Why, With Whom, and With What Effect?
Suls, Martin, and Wheeler. University of Iowa and Macquarie University

5 Tips for Creating Your Self-Talk Strategy

by Nina Post

Our minds can be like malfunctioning iPods. Sometimes you leave the repeat function on, and the mean stuff you say to yourself loops over and over again. Or you’re on a playlist that contains a bunch of short files: one that reminds you of something annoying someone said to you, and one that reminds you to worry about what people think of you, and one that won't stop playing that song you heard in a grocery store.

If that were an iPod, you would say, wow, these songs are terrible — why am I listening to this shit? You’d get rid of the files and replace them with something that makes you feel better, makes you feel strong and confident, makes you learn something.

But it’s not an iPod. This metaphor may come as a shock, but it’s your mind I’m talking about.

What can you do? The good news is, you can make a point to counter those thoughts with positive, useful ones—and even use a strategy to help direct your thoughts and plan how you want to feel.

It’s well-worth it: self-talk is a useful self-regulation strategy for managing cognitive processes and emotions, increasing performance, and facilitating learning.

One of the functions of self-talk is criticizing yourself. Those files suck; replace them with other files you’ve listened to many, many times, like “Everybody (Backstreet’s Back)” and “Lovefool”.

Another function of self-talk is self-reinforcement, or talking to yourself about positive daily events. (Yes, that’s possible.)

And another very important function of self-talk is self-management, which is when you regulate and direct your daily behavior with a strategy or instructions for what to do or say.

So here are tips for creating a strategy to manage and prepare your self-talk:

• Make a list of actions you believe would be the most influential in helping you attain the feeling you want.
  
  It could be learning and doing research, working efficiently, doing focused and uninterrupted work, listening to calming music, going for a run, or monitoring your inner dialogue and your beliefs in your abilities.
  
  Identify a few times when you felt negative emotions and were engaging in a lot of critical self-talk, but overcame those obstacles to accomplish something important or meaningful.
  
  This could be a work project, a presentation that went great, a challenging hobby, a big move. Give it a short and pithy name and use it a touchstone for when you need it most.

For that last tip, it could be a situation where you felt a lot of doubt about your ability to pull off a huge project, and were simultaneously trying to get it done while balancing work responsibilities. You had no feedback along the way, no idea where to even start, and a ton to learn—but you took it one step at a time and made progress. And now you know you can tackle a similar or even bigger project. Use that as a trigger with a descriptive keyword when faced with a similar challenge in the future.

Creating awareness of your self-talk, having a strategy for responding to obstacles, and applying tactics in the moment is a skill you learn how to apply over time, so just keep working on it!

Sources:

gifs by giphy

A group resonance intervention with a volleyball team: An exploration of the process between a consultant, coach, and athletes

The Development and Initial Evaluation of Two Promising Mental Preparatory Methods in a Sample of Female Cross Country Runners
Journal of Sport Behavior.

A view from the inside: an in-depth look at a female university student's experience with a feel-based intervention to enhance self-confidence and self-talk
The Qualitative Report.

12 Tips For the "Why Hire Me" Presentation

The "Why Hire Me" presentation isn't common. But I recently helped a friend with this, and it got me thinking about the process and what some useful strategies and tactics are.

1. Give them a well-rounded view of you as a person—not just professional accomplishments, but your hobbies and interests.

Our friend, for example, had a slide listing his interests along with a photo that showed his travel and volunteer work. He told them (hobbies changed to something slightly different) that he's an amateur kitesurfer, an avid BMXer, and a light-sport aircraft pilot.

(Or perhaps you've created your own intricate tabletop game.)

I had no idea my friend was an LSA pilot (WHAT OTHER SECRETS DOES HE HAVE), and I silently updated my mental files, wondering when, exactly, he ever had time to do that.

2. Provide examples of how your experience matches up with the role. If you've already received feedback or can infer what their main objections may be to hiring you, you might want to pick examples that reinforce why you're capable of doing the job.

Do your research beforehand, and get crafty. Our friend looked through all of this company's job postings to get a feel for what tools/software they used. Job postings can be a valuable source of information on how a company operates.

3. Tell them WHY you're excited about the role. And make the presentation interactive—ask your audience simple, relevant questions to increase engagement.

4. Give them some ideas about what you would do if you had the job—but don't give away the store. You've probably seen this on Silicon Valley: a company brings someone in, asks them to solve a hairy problem on a whiteboard, and never talks to them again.

It's not uncommon for interviewers to describe a problem and ask how you would approach it. If it's directly connected to what you'd be doing for them, try to give them an overview of what you'd do, but not so many details that they can hire a more junior person and run with your plan -- or take credit for it themselves and get promoted off of it. Because they will.

5. Practice in front of an audience—friends, family, confused people at Trader Joe's, etc. Practice the situation from beginning to end, and with a lot of starting and stopping to simulate being asked questions. Watch for phrases you tend to overuse.

6. Get there early, and don't be afraid to reconfigure the room if you need to. You don't want to be stuck in an uncomfortable chair or have a bright window in front of you.

Don't stand behind a podium the whole time, if that's the layout. Unless the situation clearly calls for sitting, you'll probably want to stand while you present.

7. Try to get the recruiter or hiring manager to give you any insights they have into what the company wants you to cover. It's possible some companies will give you a list; others may just say "do what feels right."

8. Be sure to come well-rested, and eat a high-protein meal beforehand. There's no way to tell if you'll have an opportunity to eat during interview day. Bring food and water with you just in case.

9. Try to get a list of the people who will be attending ahead of time. This will help you decide whether it's going to be a high-level, strategic conversation, or if it's going to be a technical conversation focused on details.

Will the people attending be on a peer level, a higher level, a trainee level? All three? This will help you prepare questions, adjust your focus, and know how much information to provide -- as well as what tools you use with your presentation.

10. Ideally, leave at least 15 minutes at the end for Q&A—though you could check with the recruiter if they want to ask questions throughout or save them for later. Prepare some general questions and a selection of questions targeted toward specific people.

11. If you're presenting to a larger group, and tend to be sensitive to people's expressions and body language, it helps to expect that some of them will seem closed off, defensive, unresponsive, or even hostile, even if that's actually not how they feel at all. If you go in expecting that, and know it doesn't necessarily reflect how much they do or don't like you, it won't throw you as much.

12. If the interviewer asks a question that you don't quite know how to answer, ask them to please clarify their question ("The Spelling Bee Gambit"). This will give you a little more time, and you'll probably receive some additional information.

If you're unsure about the content that'll be covered, add some backup slides at the end of of your presentation just in case you get questions about more detailed topics.

Say you're applying for a finance job, and part of the work is doing corporate valuations. You may have an extra slide with a spreadsheet you've made so you can walk them through the formulas.

Now there's just the waiting...and the waiting...

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Sources:

5 Steps to Acing Your Interview Presentation

Eight tips on how to make your interview presentation shine

8 Tips to Giving an Interview Presentation

Got 10 Minutes? Here Are 18 Ways to Improve Your Life

by Nina Post

1) If you're a writer and feel stuck, take 10 minutes to work on that project you've been neglecting or haven't started yet. Start the file. Get the file ready. Make a separate page of the most important stuff: your logline, your theme, your setting, why you/why this/why now. Do another ten minutes the next day.

2) Take 10 minutes to review a book or a podcast. Reviews matter. And it feels good to get it done and help someone out (even if you think they don't need it).

3) If you're a startup founder, take 10 minutes a day to look into a potential partner or acquirer, find an accelerator you can apply to, or find a mentor or peer to email.

4) If you want to eat healthier, take 10 minutes to plan your food for lunch and dinner this week: salads, eggs, fruits & veggies, smoothies, baked chicken, etc. And if you need healthy food to have with you when you travel or are otherwise out of the house, take 10 minutes and look for single-serving packs of high-protein, single-serve items (hummus, chicken jerky, cashews) that you can order in bulk.

5) Take 10 minutes a day to read. Unless you use your phone, keep your Kindle or a paperback handy.

6) Take 10 minutes a day to ask three friends or colleagues how things are going.

7) Take 10 minutes a day to walk outside (you remember "outside," right?), or to do more of a secondary exercise—running, plyometrics, kettle bells.

8) Take 10 minutes to list the activities you're spending too much time on—TV, reading TV recaps, Facebook, games, web browsing, meetings, etc.—at the expense of activities that can have a better return for you (creating, learning, getting into flow with one of your hobbies).

9) Take 10 minutes to figure out a time management/scheduling system, if you don't have one or if you want to change what you have. Maybe you want to use GTD (Getting Things Done). Figure out the best app or software (or paper system) to help you do that.

10) Take 10 minutes to get started with some software that can help you get your work done, make your work easier or more efficient, or achieve something.

11) Take 10 minutes to do something about a fear you have. Maybe it's something you want to get better at, know it would help you, but are reluctant to do.

12) Take 10 minutes to maintain familiarity with a second language (or learn a new one). I like Radio Lingua/Coffee Break (for listening during breaks!), Duolingo, and Mango via the library.

13) If there's a tool you've been putting off buying, and it's less than $100, think about whether it will generate more than $100 in value for you, and if so, buy it. This works equally well for $50 or $20 or whatever. For writers who have been putting off buying Scrivener, consider getting it.

14) Take 10 minutes to do a bunch of small tasks you've been putting off. 

15) Take 10 minutes to look through the resources you can access through your local public library, like Lynda.com.

16) If you're already pretty functional at managing your schedule, take 10 minutes to find a commitment or activity that will add to your already packed schedule, but also add to your life in a positive way. Often we're even more productive the more we have to do. It doesn't have to be spread out; Adam Grant points out in Give and Take that givers who chunked their giving (mentoring, etc.) into a single day achieved gains in happiness, as opposed to when they distributed it across the week. Consider chunking as a strategy for this.

17) Take 10 minutes to send someone a paper card to thank them or tell them how great they are or what a good job they're doing. Think of the service vendors who wouldn't normally get a card like that and consider giving one to them.   

18) Take 10 minutes to draw. You can take a Monster Drawing Workshop at Lynda.com; each installment is well under 10 minutes.

10 minutes may not seem like a lot of time, but if you use it wisely, you can make important strides towards the goals that matter to you.

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